Week+4

=Day 15toc= = =

**Lesson 28**
__**In Class**__ > >>
 * **Lab**
 * **Objective**: To determine the relationship between the number of harmonics, the frequency of the source, and the wavelength of transverse waves traveling in a stretched string.
 * **Hypothesis**: Larger number of harmonics means higher frequency and since the frequency increases the wavelength decreases.
 * **Reasoning:** If the number of something happening in an area increases then the frequency increases and since frequency and wave length are inversely proportional the wavelength decreases.
 * **Data **
 * [[image:D5.PNG]][[image:D10.PNG]]
 * **Calculation**
 * Calculate the speed of the wave for each harmonic.
 *  v wave = l Æ’
 *  v wave = 11.6*14.38
 * v wave =166.8 (m/s)
 * Calculate the tension in the string.
 * T=m*g
 * T=.5*9.8
 * T= 4.9 (N)
 * [[file:string lab.xlsx]]
 * **Graphs**
 * [[image:E2.PNG]]
 * [[image:E3.PNG]]
 * **Questions:**
 * 1) The point where the displacement is zero is called the node.
 * 2) The point where the displacement is always the maximum is called the anti-node.
 * 3) The wave length and length of the string is proportional with the first harmonic being twice the length of the string.
 * 4) The longest possible wavelength can be at most twice the length of string.
 * 5) 11.805*20=236.1 (hz)
 * 6) There is no real relationship between the two. There is generally a slight increase in speeds as the harmonic number increases.
 * 7) Though there is a large variation in the frequency, speed does not change much.
 * 8) As the harmonic number increased the wavelength decreased.
 * 9) Wavelength and tension are inversely proportional.


 * **Analysis:**
 * There can be seen that there is a direct relationship between the harmonic number and the frequency.
 * There is an inverse relation between the frequency and wavelength.
 * There is an inverse square relationship between frequency and tension.
 * Error could be caused by the fact that all of this was done by sight, so there us a bit of error due to perception.
 * There is also error since the string was not measured exactly.

__**At Home**__


 * **Standing Wave-PQ3R**
 * What is the difference between standing waves and traveling waves?
 * Traveling waves are waves that move through a medium unrestricted.
 * Standing waves that reflect of a boundary and causes nodes and anti-nodes to form.
 * How do standing waves form?
 * They form when a medium is vibrating at its harmonic frequency.
 * The wave has to bounce of a boundary causing nodes and anti-nodes to form.
 * What are nodes and anti nodes?
 * They both only occur in standing waves.
 * Nodes are places where there is no displacement to the medium.
 * Anti-nodes are place with maximum displacement to the medium.
 * What are harmonics?
 * They are the frequencies at which the medium vibrates causing a standing wave.
 * How do you find the length of string used for a certain harmonic?
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/u10l4e10.gif width="176" height="25" align="center"]]

**Lesson 29**
__**In Class**__
 * **Resonance**
 * When an object's natural frequency is reinforced by an external force causing a standing wave to form.
 * Unless is made to vibrate at a different frequency.
 * **Standing wave**
 * Caused by the interference of a wave due to resonance.
 * **Sound**
 * Sound is per-sieved due to the vibration in the air.
 * Amplitude is correlation to the energy.
 * Loudness is what we per-sieve.
 * People only hear the change in pressure
 * Pitch is how we per-sieve frequency.
 * Do**ppler effect**
 * The speed of sound in a medium does not change
 * An objects sound waves, the crest start to pile up as an object that produces a sound moves.
 * This is created due to the source of waves is moving.
 * It is only a perception
 * Formula
 * f ' is the per-sieved frequency
 * f is actual frequency
 * v is speed of sound in air
 * vo is speed of observer
 * vs is speed of source
 * If source and observer are moving closer than f ' = f((v+vo)/(v-vs))
 * If source and observer are moving away than f' = f((v-vo)/(v+vs))

__**At Home**__

>>> || Octave || 2:1 || 512 Hz and 256 Hz || >>> || Third || 5:4 || 320 Hz and 256 Hz || >>> || Fourth || 4:3 || 342 Hz and 256 Hz || >>> || Fifth || 3:2 || 384 Hz and 256 Hz ||
 * **Nature of a Sound Wave-PQ3R**
 * Why does it matter that sound is a mechabical wave?
 * It matters because it means that sound can't travel through vaccums and needs a medium.
 * What does it mean when it says sound is a longitudinal wave?
 * It means that sound has compression and rarefaction of its medium.
 * How does sound being a pressure wave matters?
 * Since sound is a pressure wave, there are areas of high and low pressures.
 * **Sound Properties and Perception-PQ3R**
 * What is pitch and frequency relation? And terms related to them?
 * Pitch is how the human ear per-sieve frequency.
 * Infrasonic is any frequency below the human hearing range.
 * Ultrasound is any frequency above the human hearing range.
 * Consonant is when two sounds are played together to create a pleasant sound.
 * Intervals in music are sounds that go well to gather
 * || **Interval** || **Frequency Ratio** || **Examples** ||
 * What is intensity? What properties are related to it?
 * Intensity is the amount of energy that passes an area in a certain amount of time.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/sound/u11l2b2.gif width="313" height="42" align="center"]]
 * It is inversely squared related to the area.
 * It is measured in decibels a scale of ten.
 * A person per-sieves intensity as loudness and can only hear a certain amount called the threshold of hearing.
 * What affects the speed of sound?
 * The medium the sound travels through and temperature affects the speed.
 * For the speed of sound in air:
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/sound/u11l2b2.gif width="313" height="42" align="center"]]
 * How does the human ear work?
 * The ear canal amplifies sounds, the eardrum vibrates and the hammer, anvil, and stirrup transfers this to the inner ear where the cochlea measures the noise and tell the brain what to hear.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/sound/u11l2d1.gif width="328" height="250" align="center"]]

[|See] even movies and comics incorporate a real life science, well they try to at least.
 * **Behavior of a Sound Wave-PQ3R**
 * What are beats?
 * Beats are caused by the repeating constructive and destructive interference between sound wave that are a few hertz apart causing the intensity of the sound to fluctuate.
 * Beat frequency is the rate at which the sound varies between high and low frequency.
 * How does the Doppler affect relate to sound?
 * When an object that produces sound moves, infront there is a higher frequency than behind it.
 * How does sonic booms and shockwaves relate?
 * A shock wave is experienced as an object travel at the speed of sound, while a sonic boom is when an object travels at supersonic speed.
 * Sonic booms are experienced after the object has past.
 * How does sound waves react to reflection, refraction and diffraction?
 * When reflection occurs the sound bounces back as either an echo or a reverberation where reverberation occurs when the sound bounces back in a room with dimensions less than 17 meters.
 * Refraction occurs as sound moves around open areas passing through opening and expanding.
 * Diffraction occurs when sound goes from warm air to cold air and the sound curves towards the cold air.



=Day 16=

**Lesson 30**
__**In Class**__


 * **Speed of sound**
 * Increases as temperature increases
 * v=331.5+.6T
 * **Intensity**
 * How much power a sound source emits/used
 * The distance from a source
 * Sound is dissipated as it gets father from the source
 * The intensity is inverse square relationship to the radius
 * Units is watts/meter^2
 * Decibel (dB)
 * Intensity level
 * It is a log scale
 * Threshold 0dB=1*10^-12 w/m^2
 * Threshold of comfort is 120dB=1 w/m^2
 * going up by 10db is multiplying the w/m^2 by 10
 * Take the difference and take out the 0 and the number left is 10^number
 * dB=10*log(I/Io)
 * I is the intensity
 * Io is 1*10^12
 * **Lab**
 * Objective what is the relation ship between the length of the tube and its resonance frequency?
 * Hypothesis: The longer the tube, the greater the harmonic number.
 * Reasoning: The more medium a wave has to work with the more nodes it can have when the resonance frequency is reached since the wavelength of a specific frequency does not change if the medium does not change.
 * Data
 * [[image:F2.PNG]]
 * [[image:F1.PNG]]
 * [[image:F3.PNG]]
 * [[file:Air Tube Lab.xlsx]]
 * Calculations
 * The speed of sound
 * vair = 331.5 + 0.6T
 * vair = 331.5 + 0.6(27.5)
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13px;">vair = 348 (m/s)
 * Finding the percent difference
 * abs(Lt-Le)/Lt*100%
 * abs(2.677-2.514)/2.677*100%
 * Percent Error 6.1%
 * Questions
 * 1) The anti-nodes of a wave shifts depending on the diameter of the tube.
 * 2) It has to be an anti-node because it is where the amplitude of a wave is the greatest and if an anti-node is there, the air particle will not vibrate.
 * 3) For the eleventh harmonic of a closed tube would be .1253*n=L--> 1.38 (m)
 * 4) To find the tenth harmonic of an open tube would be .2531*n=L--> 2.53 (m)
 * 5) ( is the shape and there is 5, 1/4 wavelength present so<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13px;"> L = n Â¼ l anda. In this case it would be .627 (m)
 * 6) )( is the shape and there is 5, 1/2 wavelength present so <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13px;">L = nÂ½ l anda. In this case it would be 1.27(m)
 * Analysis
 * The length of the tube is a multiple of the resonance wave length.
 * The constant of the closed cylinder represents (1/4)*wavelength.
 * The constant of the open cylinder represents (1/2)*wavelength.
 * Since the wavelength of sound is the same the constant in the closed cylinder should be 1/2 of the constant of the open cylinder.
 * Because they are off a bit, there is some experimental error.
 * The error could come from the in accurate measuring of the first resonance frequency, which would cause a greater percent error since two centimeters would cause a great difference.
 * Another is that the open tube was defined to have a very large minimum length so the first harmonic found would not be the lowest harmonic and the anti-node may be lower than the tubes minimum.
 * There is also the correction to the theoretical due to the diameter of the tube changing the position of the anti node.

__**At Home**__
 * **Resonance and Standing Waves-PQ3R**
 * What is natural frequency?
 * Natural frequency is the frequency at which an object is struck.
 * What is timbre?
 * It is a pure not that occurs when an object has only one natural frequency.
 * What is forced vibration?
 * Forced Vibration is when an object id forced to vibrate at a different frequency than its natural frequency.
 * It can be used to amplify sounds.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/sound/u11l4b1.gif width="140" height="170" align="center"]]
 * What is resonance?
 * It is when the sound or vibration travels through air causing another object to vibrate at the same frequency.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/sound/u11l4b2.gif width="221" height="170" align="center"]]
 * How does standing waves and resonance relate?
 * When an object resonates, it creates a standing wave.
 * What is the fundamental frequency?
 * It is the lowest frequency possible for an instrument to play a sound, it is the first harmonic.


 * **Musical Instruments-PQ3R**
 * How does a resonance work in an instrument?
 * A part of the instrument is caused to vibrate and due to resonance parts of the instrument will resonate too and cause a louder sound.
 * How do guitar string represent a change in frequency?
 * When the string is pulled tighter, the point at which its natural frequency changes.
 * When it is played there will be a different frequency produced
 * How does an open air column have a standing wave?
 * For there to be a standing wave in an open air column, the two open ends has to have the an anode each.
 * The first harmonic will have a wavelength twice the length of the tube.
 * How does a closed air column have a standing wave present?
 * For there to be a standing wave, there has to be an anode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
 * The first harmonic has a wavelength that is quadruple the length of the tube.
 * There are no even harmonics in this.

[|Fun]with gasses and sound.

**Lesson 31**
__**In Class**__

__**At Home**__
 * **Properties of Sound**
 * Reflection
 * Echo
 * Reverberation
 * Difference the distance for reverberation is small spaces
 * Refraction
 * Sound curves from hot to cold
 * Diffraction
 * Sound acts like waves Bends around openings
 * Sound shadows-area where there is no sound due to Diffraction
 * Interference
 * Beats
 * Interference by two sounds that are almost the same
 * # beats/second equals the difference between the two frequency
 * Double Sources
 * Creates a pattern of constructive and destructive interference meaning areas of soft sound.

=Day 17=

**Lesson 32**
__**In Class**__

__**At Home**__
 * ** How Do We Knoe Light is a Wave? PQ3R **
 * How does light behave?
 * Light behaves as a wave.
 * It can be refracted, reflected, and diffracted.
 * It has the same inteference patterns
 * It experiences the doppler effect.
 * How does a two point sorce affect light?
 * The light inteferes with itself like sound.
 * For this to happen both waves vibrating so their is constructive inteference, light is in phase also known as coherent light.
 * There are also destructive inteference.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/light/u12l1b5.gif width="457" height="262" align="center"]]
 * What is Thin film inteference?
 * It is the phenomenum when a thin layer of a substance cause light to interact and interfer creating a rainbow of colors.
 * What is polarized light?
 * Polarized light is when light moves in 2 dimensions abfter being blocked or changed.
 * Light normally moves in 3 dimensions also known as unpolarized light.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/light/u12l1e2.gif width="346" height="141" align="center"]]
 * ** Mathmatics of Two Point Inteference PQ3R **
 * What is the anatomy of a two point inteference pattern?
 * The anatomy is much like that of a two point sorce wave.
 * It has nodes and antinodes that form lines extending outward.
 * At the exact middle between the two sources a single anti node line extends outward it is asigned the number 0.
 * From there lines extend outwards that are next to it alternating from nodes to anti node.
 * Each line is asigned a number, nodes are hales and anti nodes are whole numbers.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/light/u12l3b1.gif width="512" height="262" align="center"]]
 * What is the path difference?
 * It is the the difference between the amount one wave had to travel than the other to a specific point.
 * Equasion
 * What is young's equation?
 * It is [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/light/redboldlambda.gif width="7" height="8" align="bottom" caption="external image redboldlambda.gif"]]= y * d / (m * L).
 * It represents the inteference pattern of the two point ineference of light.
 * Maxima is the maximum intesity.
 * Minima is the minumum itesity.
 * What is his experiment?
 * It is him spliting light into two point source iteference.
 * Ge examined how it intefered.
 * What applications does two point source inteference has?
 * Most of the aplication applies are for radio waves and their transmition and recieving.

**Lesson 33**
__**In Class**__

**__At Home__**

You know some one was going to turn the electromagnetic spectrum into a [|rap]. =Day 18=
 * **Reflection and its Importance-PQ3R**
 * Why is light inportant to sight?
 * Without light we cannot see.
 * Loumonous objececs are need to light illuminated objects.
 * What is the line of sight?
 * It is the direction of our eye sight.
 * To see someting, it has to be in the line of sight.
 * With mirrors, to see an object, the image of said object must be seen.
 * The distance the object from the mirror is the same as the image is from the mirror.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l1b2.gif align="center" caption="external image u13l1b2.gif"]]
 * What is the Law of reflection?
 * It states that the angle at wich a ray hits the mirror from the normal line, also knon as the angle of incident, is equal to the angle of reflection.
 * The incident ray will be mirrored over the normal line and will be known as the reflected ray.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l1c1.gif align="center" caption="external image u13l1c1.gif"]]
 * What is the difference between specular and diffused reflection?
 * Specular is a reflection of a smooth shiny surface.
 * Diffused is reflection over a rough surfase.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l1d3.gif width="329" height="92" align="center"]]
 * Image Formation in a Plainer Mirror PQ3R
 * Why is an imaged for in a plainer mirror?
 * Mirrors obey the law of reflection.
 * The observer's line of sight must intersect with the mirror before it hits the object to see the image.
 * The image will be formed the same distance away from mirror as the original is from the mirror.
 * What are the characteristics of an image in a plainer mirror?
 * The image is virtual because the image location is not where the light of the image is located.
 * There is a left right reversal and the image is upright instead of inverted.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l2b3.gif width="441" height="217" align="center"]]
 * What is a ray diagram for a planer mirror?
 * It is a diagram thatshows the line of sight and image location.
 * It is based on the paths light takes.
 * What amount of mirror do you need to see youself?
 * You only need a mirror half your hieght.
 * If placed correctly, no matter the distance, the whole body can be seen.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l2d2.gif width="341" height="179" align="center"]]
 * How many images are formed in a right angle mirror?
 * There are two primary images and one secondary image.
 * The secoundary imaged is not reversed.
 * Three images total.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l2e3.gif width="216" height="176" align="center"]]
 * What other types of two mirror images can be formed?
 * The smaller the angle the mirrors are formed, the more images are preduced.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l2f1.gif width="375" height="108" align="center"]]

**Lesson 34**
__**In Class**__


 * **Mirrors**
 * Converging
 * Concave in shape
 * Image
 * Upside
 * Smaller
 * Right side up
 * Bigger
 * Blur
 * Diverging
 * Convex in shape
 * Image
 * Virtual
 * Reduced
 * Upright
 * Behind

__**At Home**__ >>> >>>
 * **Concave Mirrors PQ3R**
 * What is the anatomy of a mirror?
 * The pricipal axis is the diameter of the mirror's curve.
 * The vertex is the point where the mirror and pricipal axis meet.
 * the center of the curviture is the same distance out as the radius of the curviture an is located at the center of the diameter.
 * The focal point is half the radius.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3a2.gif width="274" height="209" align="center" caption="external image u13l3a2.gif"]]
 * What type of image is formed by a concave mirror?
 * A real image is formed.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3b2.gif align="center" caption="external image u13l3b2.gif"]]
 * What are the two rules?
 * A ray travelling parrellel to the p axis will pass through the focus once reflected.
 * A ray passing through the focus will travel parrellel to the p-axis once reflected off the mirror.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3c1.gif width="345" height="111" align="center"]]
 * How do the rules aplly to ray diagrams?
 * The rules allow an image to be predicted once it is reflected in a mirror.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3b2.gif width="295" height="196" align="center"]]
 * What are the image characteristic of an image reflected in a concave mirror?
 * The characteristicts depends on the distance of the object
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3e1.gif width="159" height="101" align="center"]]
 * 1) [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3e2.gif align="center"]]
 * 2) [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3e3.gif width="141" height="96" align="center"]]
 * 3) [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3e4.gif width="141" height="93" align="center"]]
 * 4) [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3e5.gif width="142" height="96" align="center"]]
 * 5) [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3e6.gif width="166" height="102" align="center"]]
 * What is the equasion for a concave mirror?
 * The equations:
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3f1.gif align="center" caption="external image u13l3f1.gif"]]
 * Ho represents the hieght of the object
 * Do is the distance the object is from the mirror
 * Hi is the image hieght
 * Di is the distance the image is away from the mirror.
 * What is spherical abberation?
 * It is when a light undergoes abberation at the edges of a mirror and the rays do not pass through the focus point.
 * To correct this, cover the edges.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3g1.gif width="263" height="200" align="center"]]
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3g2.gif width="321" height="254" align="center"]]
 * ** Convex Mirrors PQ3R **
 * How does the reflection apply to convex mirrors?
 * If the ray is traveling parrallel to the p-axis then it will reflect off the mirror so that the extension of the line intersects the focus.
 * If the ray is travelling so the extension passes the focus, it will reflect so that the ray will travel paralell to the p axis
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l4a3.gif width="237" height="284" align="center"]]
 * How does a ray diagram work for a convex mirror?
 * To find the location of an image use the rules above.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l4b4.gif width="175" height="159" align="center"]]
 * What are the characteristics of a image produced by a convex mirror?
 * The characteristics for any reflection is the same, regardless of the position of the object.
 * It will be located behind the mirror, reduced in size, oriented upright and is a virtual image
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l4c2.gif width="339" height="158" align="center"]]
 * What is the convex mirror equasion?
 * The equasion is the same as concave mirrors.

**Lesson 35**
__**In Class**__


 * **Refraction**
 * Caused by the change in medium and the wave entering
 * n1sine(theta1)=n2sine(theta2)
 * ** Lab **
 * ** Objective: ** What is the relation ship between sin(theta)i and sin(theta)r?
 * ** Hypothesis: ** They are directly proportional.
 * **Reasoning**: As one angle gets bigger, the other angle should get bigger.
 * ** Data **
 * [[image:H3.PNG]]
 * [[image:H2.PNG]]
 * [[file:Refract Lab.xlsx]]
 * ** Calculations **
 * To find theta
 * sin(theta)
 * sin(10)
 * 0.174
 * To find percent error
 * abs(nr_graph-nr_real)/nr_real*100%
 * abs(1.3645-1.52)/1.52*100%
 * 10%
 * To find slope
 * n(air)*sin θi = n*sin θr
 * 1*sin θi = n*sin θr
 * sin θi = y
 * sin θr = x
 * y=nx
 * n=1.3645
 * ** Questions **
 * 1) It is always bigger, from the lab it can be seen that the angle of incident is larger than the angle of refraction, in the first tial angle of incident was 10 while the angle of refraction was 7.
 * 2) It is always smaller, since the fact stated in quetion one is true, the opposite is true for quetion true.
 * 3) The light did not refract, but went straight.
 * 4) Increases
 * ** Anaysis **
 * The error could be due to the fact that the light was seen noy right next to the glass but out so the light would have been refracted again.

__**At Home**__

Convex mirrors may dispease light, but i bet they can't do [|this]. Since that is not really possible, [|here]is something they can do and still be funny.
 * **Refraction of a Boundry PQ3R**
 * How does a boundry behave?
 * When a wave, any wave, hits a boundry, it either reflects, transmits, refractors, or a combination of it.
 * How does refraction affects light?
 * When an object is view through a trasparent material, it looks out of place due to refraction.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l1b2.gif width="363" height="117" align="center"]]
 * What causes refraction?
 * It is caused by light hitting a boundry.
 * How does optical density affect light speed and refraction?
 * The opticaly denser an object is, the slower the light speed.
 * This is called the index of refraction.
 * It control the amount of refracion.
 * How is the direction of bending measured?
 * It is measured from the normal line, which is perpendicular to the boundry
 * What is speciel about the archer fish?
 * Despite the refraction due to water, it can hit its target every time.
 * It would be assumed that it target its target allong the normal axis, but it does not.
 * ** The Mathmatics of Refractions PQ3R **
 * What does the angle of reflection depend on?
 * It depends on the optical density.
 * What is Snell's law?
 * It is[[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l2b5.gif caption="external image u14l2b5.gif"]]
 * ni represents the index of refraction of the incident ray passes through
 * nr represents the index of refraction of the refracted ray passes through
 * What are layer problems?
 * They are problems when a ray passes through multiple layers causing multiple refractions.
 * How can the index of refraction be found?
 * By kowing the index of refraction of one medium and the angle it enerts the medium and the angle it is refracted out, the index can be calculated.



=Day 19=

**Lesson 36**
__**In Class**__


 * **Refraction**
 * Same index of reflection=angle of incident is the same as angle of refraction
 * If n1 > n2 = angle of refraction bends away from normal
 * If n1 < n2 = angle of refraction bends towards normal
 * Bigger wavelength(y) = bigger angle of refraction
 * Increase n = decreases speed
 * Wavelength(y) decreases as velocity decreses
 * Frequency stays the same
 * n1/n2=y2/y1
 * shorter y are influenced more by prisms
 * Name dispersion

__** At Home **__


 * ** Total Internal Reflection PQ3R **
 * How does boundry behavior and reflection conect?
 * When light hits a boundry, a part is transmitted while some is reflected
 * Ehat is total internal reflection?
 * It is the point where all the light entering a prism is reflected instead of trasmitted.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l3b1.gif width="424" height="198" align="center"]]
 * What is the critical angle?
 * It is the point where all the light is reflected into the prism.
 * It can be found mathmatically by using 90 degrees for the angle of refraction.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l3b3.gif width="373" height="175" align="center"]]
 * ** Interesting Refraction Phenomeome PQ3R **
 * What is dispersion of light by a prism?
 * It is the seperation of the components of white light into its seven colors.
 * The seperation is based on the color's angle of deviation.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l4a1.gif width="495" height="155" align="center"]]
 * How are rainbows formed?
 * They are formed when sunlight is shown through water droplets and the light refracts and reflects into the obsever's eyes.
 * How are mirages formed?
 * They are formed when an object is reflected and refracted through a non uniform medium, normally occurs when it is hot.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l4c2.gif width="501" height="177" align="center"]]

** Lesson 37 **
__** In Class **__ __** At Home **__
 * ** Lenses **
 * All refraction occur at optical plane
 * Diverging Lens
 * A concave lens
 * Spread light out
 * Converging lens
 * A convex lens
 * Focus to a point
 * ** Lab **
 * Purpose: To validate the thin lens equation.
 * Hypothesis: It should be the same or close.
 * Reasoning, because it has been used time after time so it should work.
 * Data
 * [[file:Lab Lens.xlsx]]
 * [[image:F7.PNG width="699" height="309"]]
 * Calculation
 * To find theoretical image distance
 * 1/f=1/di+1/do
 * 1/10.3=1/di+1/25
 * di = 17.5 (cm)
 * To find theoretical image hieght
 * hi/ho=di/do
 * hi/4.1=17.5/25
 * hi=2.87
 * To find pecent error
 * abs(di theoretical﻿ -di experimental )/di theoretical *100%
 * abs(17.5-18.5)/17.5*100%
 * 6%
 * Question
 * 1) The images are real because the distance is positive and if they were virtual, they would not show up on the screen.
 * 2) They were inverted, because the lense bent the light so that the light from the top goes to the bottom and vice versa.
 * 3) Since the path of light will be the same if it was reflected, there are two poits where the image is in focus
 * 4) As the object gets closer, the image got father away from the lense.
 * 5) As the object got closer, the hieght of the image got larger.
 * 6) Converging mirrors have the same properties for the mirrors exept the location of the images are opposite.
 * Analysis
 * It shows that the equation work, with some experimental error.
 * The experimental error is due to the fact that the image was put in focus by eye and measured to a certain degree, so the error is due to human error, but the values are close enough.


 * ** Image Formation by Lenses PQ3R **
 * What is a lens?
 * It is a transparent material that uses refraction to manipulate light.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5a1.gif width="363" height="208" align="center"]]
 * Converging lenses are either convex or double convex lenses.
 * Diverging lenses are either concave or double concave lenses.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5a2.gif width="324" height="139" align="center"]]
 * It anatomy is vary much like that of a mirror, except it is based on its vertical axis.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5a4.gif width="328" height="167" align="center"]]
 * What are the rules for the refraction of light?
 * The rules for a converging lens are the same for a converging lens,
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5b1.gif width="248" height="202" align="center"]]
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5b4.gif width="288" height="195" align="center"]]
 * And the same for diverging lens and mirrors.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5b3.gif width="249" height="251" align="center"]]
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5b5.gif width="218" height="243" align="center"]]
 * Extra rule: any ray passing through the exact center of the lens will not be refracted and continue on.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5b7.gif width="371" height="190" align="center"]]
 * How do lenses affect images?
 * Lenses affect the appearance of image the same way depending on if it is converging or diverging.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5c1.gif width="382" height="217" align="center"]]
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5c2.gif width="309" height="216" align="center"]]
 * How do you find the location of an image created by a converging lens?
 * Use the tree rules to find the image
 * How does the objects position affect the image position created by a converging lens?
 * It affects it the same way as a converging mirror except the image is behind the lens instead of in front.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5db7.gif width="368" height="227" align="center"]]
 * How do you find the location of an image created by a converging lens?
 * Use the three rules that apply to diverging lenses.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5ea4.gif width="202" height="150" align="center"]]
 * How does the objects position affect the image position created by a diverging lense?
 * It affects the same way a diverging mirror reflects an image, but the object and image are on the same side.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l5eb3.gif width="310" height="186" align="bottom"]]
 * What is the mathematics of lenses?
 * It is the same as a mirror, the equation can all be applied to lenses.
 * **The Eye PQ3R**
 * What is the anatomy of the eye?
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l6a1.gif width="292" height="240" align="center"]]
 * The cornea is the outer part of the eye
 * The pupil allows light in.
 * The iris control the amount of light in.
 * The retina is the back of the eye that detects the amount of light.
 * Rest is self explanatory.
 * How does an image form in an eye?
 * It is formed through a process known as accommodation.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l6b2.gif width="327" height="119" align="center"]]
 * What is accommodation?
 * It is the proses of the ciliary muscles affecting the eye so that the light is brought forvea centralis.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l6c1.gif width="231" height="146" align="center"]]
 * How do you correct farsightedness?
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l6d1.gif width="340" height="125" align="center"]]
 * A converging lenses would be used to do this.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l6d2.gif width="361" height="130" align="center"]]
 * How do you correct for shortsightedness?
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l6e1.gif width="342" height="131" align="center"]]
 * A diverging lens would be used.
 * [[image:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l6e2.gif width="393" height="130" align="center"]]

Tecnology has turned your phone into a lens and now that lens makes everything more [|interesting].